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IDENTIFY: The Investigation and DEtection of urological Neoplasia in paTIents reFerred with suspected urinarY tract cancer: A multicentre analysis

  • Khadhouri S. 1,
  • Gallagher K.M. 2,
  • Mackenzie K.R. 3,
  • Shah T.T. 4,
  • Gao C. 5,
  • Moore S. 6,
  • Zimmermann E. 7,
  • Edison E. 8,
  • Jefferies M. 9,
  • Nambiar A. 3,
  • McGrath J.S. 10,
  • Kasivisvananthan V. 11,
  • The IDENTIFY Study Group 12
1 Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Dept. of Urology, Aberdeen, United Kingdom 2 Western General Hospital, Dept. of Urology, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 3 Freeman Hospital, Dept. of Urology, Newcastle, United Kingdom 4 Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, London, United Kingdom 5 Peterborough City Hospital, Dept. of Urology, Peterborough, United Kingdom 6 Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Dept. of Urology, Wrexham, United Kingdom 7 Weston General Hospital, Dept. of Urology, Weston-super-Mare, United Kingdom 8 North Middlesex Hospital, Dept. of Urology, London, United Kingdom 9 Morriston Hospital, Dept. of Urology, Swansea, United Kingdom 10 University of Exeter Medical School, Dept. of Urology, Exeter, United Kingdom 11 West Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Dept. of Urology, London, United Kingdom 12 London, United Kingdom

Publication: March 2019

Introduction & Objectives

The IDENTIFY study aims to determine contemporary urinary tract cancer rates and diagnostic test performance in patients referred to secondary care with suspected urothelial cancer.

Materials & Methods

IDENTIFY is the largest ever prospective, international, multi-centre study of patients referred to secondary care, with or without haematuria, for the investigation of suspected urinary tract cancer. Patient demographics, presenting features and diagnostic test results were recorded. Prevalence rates were calculated for each subtype of urological cancer and diagnostic test accuracies were calculated.

Results

Over 10,000 patient records were collected from 111 hospitals in 28 countries  (Dec 2017 – Oct 2018). 63.3% presented with visible haematuria [VH], 31.6% with non-visible haematuria [NVH] and 5.1% without haematuria [NH]. The prevalence of bladder cancer [BC] overall was 14.2%; 18.1% in VH, 3.7% in NVH and 26.6% in NH. 81.5% of bladder cancers presented with VH.  Upper tract urothelial cancer [UTUC] prevalence was 1%, renal cell carcinoma [RCC] 0.9% and prostate cancer 1.2%. BC and UTUC prevalence peaked in the 70-79 year age group and were more common in men. Variables significantly associated with BC included type of haematuria, age, smoking history, anticoagulation, storage urinary tract symptoms and having had >1 episode of VH (25.5%) vs. only 1 (17.9%). UTUC was significantly associated with type of haematuria, age, smoking history and anticoagulation. The rate of BC found in those with culture proven urinary tract infection [UTIs] was 7.0%, which was significantly lower than BC rate in those without UTI (19.7%). The diagnostic performance of ultrasound [US] and Computed Tomography [CT] is given in Table 1.

Table 1: Test characteristics of US and CT in diagnosis of BC and UTUC for tests that were deemed adequately conducted
  Imaging
Modality
Sensitivity Specificity Positive Predictive Value Negative Predictive Value
Bladder
Cancer
US 77.8% (95% CI 74.4%-81.0%) 93.5% (95% CI 92.7%-94.3%) 67.8% (95% CI 64.9%-70.5%) 96.0% (95% CI 95.5%-96.6%)
Contrast CT 80.5% (95% CI 77.3%-83.4%) 92.3% (95% CI 91.3%-93.3%) 71.5% (95% CI 68.7%-74.1%) 95.2% (95% CI 94.4%-95.9%)
UTUC  US 42.5% (95% CI 27.0%-59.1%) 97.7% (95% CI 97.3%-98.1%) 12.7% (95% CI 12.4%-27.7%) 99.5% (95% CI 99.4%-99.7%)
CT Urogram 95.7% (95% CI 88.0%-99.1%) 94.4% (95% CI 93.5%-95.2%) 26.8% (95% CI 24.0%-29.8%) 99.9% (95% CI 99.7%-99.97%)

Conclusions

IDENTIFY provides contemporary cancer detection rates in a global population alongside diagnostic test performance for each cancer type. The extensive data will allow a personalised approach to haematuria investigations and improve shared decision-making by developing predictive models to optimise cancer detection. These patient-specific pathways will reduce patient and healthcare resource burdens.